Schizophrenia auditory hallucination manual#

Disorganized or catatonic behavior: problems with motor function, increased agitation, or catatonia (inability to move normally).Disorganized speech: incoherent speech, or speech that’s hard to follow due to moving quickly from one subject to another without clear segues.Hallucinations: including auditory and visual hallucinations, as well as more rare types involving taste, touch, and smell.

Delusions: including delusions of influence (i.e., that you’re being controlled), grandeur (i.e., that you’re especially powerful or important), or persecution (i.e., that you’re being followed, monitored, or targeted).

Schizophrenia auditory hallucination manual#

If you’re experiencing symptoms of schizophrenia, it may be a good idea to talk with your doctor or therapist about being tested.Īccording to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), a schizophrenia diagnosis requires experiencing two or more symptoms continuously over a period of at least 1 month and must include one of the first three symptoms listed: Only doctors and therapists are qualified to diagnose schizophrenia. Asociality: lack of engagement with others.Anhedonia: the inability to feel pleasure.Affective flattening: lack of emotional display or responses.The most common negative symptoms are often summarized as “the five A’s” of schizophrenia, which include: Negative symptoms are preexisting behaviors that have become diminished, like a lack of affect, motivation, or speech. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are behaviors that weren’t there before, such as delusions and hallucinations. Rather, this means that some symptoms are new behaviors that develop with the condition, while others are simply modified or changed behaviors. However, this doesn’t mean that some symptoms are “good” and others are “bad.” The symptoms of schizophrenia are broadly divided up into two categories: positive and negative. Symptoms of schizophrenia exist on a wide spectrum and can be different for everyone. The illness most commonly develops during the late teens and early 20s for men and during the late 20s and early 30s for women.

Relevance to clinical practiceĪuditory Hallucination Risk Assessment Scale can serve as a tool for nurses and other healthcare professionals to identify patients with high-risk auditory hallucinations, monitor the changes of risk and inform nursing interventions.Schizophrenia affects about 1 percent of people in the United States. It can be used in clinical settings in China and beyond to assess the risk of auditory hallucinations. ConclusionsĪuditory Hallucination Risk Assessment Scale has good reliability and validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was 0.82, and intra-class correlation coefficient for test–retest reliability was 0.84. Sensitivity (86.5%) and specificity (80.0%) were maximal for a mean overall AHRAS score of 13.5, suggesting that this is an appropriate threshold for differentiation. The area under the curve was 0.90 for the overall AHRAS score. The score of AHRAS was strongly correlated with that of the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales-Auditory Hallucinations. Two factors were extracted from AHRAS, which explained 57.74% of the total variance. The final version of AHRAS has nine items. Auditory Hallucination Risk Assessment Scale was then tested for construct validity, concurrent validity, predictive validity, internal consistency and test–retest reliability in a convenience sample of 156 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The items were evaluated by content validity. MethodsĪuditory Hallucination Risk Assessment Scale items were developed based on Symptom Management Theory, systematic literature review and findings of a qualitative study on the experience of auditory hallucinations. We followed STROBE guidelines in reporting the study. This study involved 2 stages, the development of the Auditory Hallucination Risk Assessment Scale (AHRAS) and testing the psychometric properties of AHRAS. However, there has been a paucity of suitable instrument developed in Asian region that can comprehensively and reliably assess its risk and inform interventions. BackgroundĪuditory hallucination, a common symptom in schizophrenia, has the potential to cause harm to patients and the people around them. To develop a Chinese version of Auditory Hallucination Risk Assessment Scale and evaluate its psychometric properties.